Son And Mother Masterbatin

tram - it's good to know ...

After World War II, in the forties and fifties of the twentieth century, the United States of America, and then in Europe, began a mass liquidation of tram lines. This was due to similar to today, surge of prosperity and relative decline in the prices of passenger cars, which have drastically reduced the demand for local public transport. In large cities such as Paris or London, tram, as then claimed, dedicated too much space and blocking the movement of other vehicles, was replaced by metro and bus lines. Removal of trams is often triggered huge controversy, and the mayors of cities such as Hamburg were fully aware of the negative aspects of the decisions taken. Only the first major fuel crisis in the early 70s Twentieth century and the growing problem of urban smog caused a revision of views on the advisability of replacing the tram bus.

Since the 80s Twentieth century, many cities in the world (including Athens, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bBordeaux, Dublin, Geneva, Heilbronn, London, Nantes, Paris, Saarbrücken, Strasbourg, Tacoma, Valencia) returns to the tram system, as an organic, more efficient and cheaper to run than a bus.

Advantage subway and rapid rail transport has declined over the tram with the invention of low-floor trams. Keeping a modern tram in the pedestrian zone is not usually the inconvenience, and often enhances the attractiveness of the city center. In some urban areas is even replacing the tram subway lines because of its better availability, lower operating costs and more attractive. The separation allows the tram lane to increase the speed of communications the tram to the level attainable in the hard bus.

Advantages tram:

· Tramways may occur at isolated raceways regardless of the streets, which creates conditions for the smooth ride and better punctuality

· width traffic lane occupied by the tramway is less than that of the bus lane, which allows you to save urban space. Thanks powering torsion tram running in the arc is better controlled, which in turn minimizes the risk of collisions of vehicles in adjacent lanes of traffic or pedestrians on the sidewalk.

· tram is a vehicle of long-lived, lasting, which creates a smaller share of the costs of depreciation.

· Tram is in most conditions, cheaper to run than a bus. With less rolling resistance can easily use the drive from the catwalk, inhibiting can return power to the grid, the smaller is the energy consumption per passenger, freight wagons in trains linking reduces labor costs.

· Tram emits almost no pollutants - thereby contribute to improving ecological conditions in the city.

· Tram (combined in trains) has a greater capacity of the transport from the bus.

· streetcar is less sensitive to adverse weather conditions (black ice, snow) through the conduct of the rails, and improving equipment start-up and braking (including rail brake, sanders).

· Jobs electric motor is much quieter than diesel, resulting in greater acoustic comfort inside.

· electric motor can easily tolerate congestion, is simpler construction, which amounts to a smaller share of maintenance and repair operations than the bus.

· increasingly widely used in the new trams AC motors contribute to the perfect start-up parameters, especially on a dry track surface.

· Tram is a very safe vehicle, thanks to the emergency brake safety deadman and accessible to passengers

Tram also has some disadvantages,
which in some cases can be removed

· trackway Electric traction, and require the construction of expensive infrastructure, but its efficiency is much higher than the construction of dedicated lanes for buses.

· per unit cost of a new vehicle is relatively high, but depreciation is provided on the multi- longer period than in the case of the bus.

· In the event of blockage of the track, crash, derailment or accident involving a tram stop are transitional, trains on the same line.

· Organization tour in the work of track / road to the poorly developed tramway networks is difficult and may require the introduction of alternative communication buses. The disadvantage of this to some extent can be eliminated by introducing into service trams bidirectional.

· construction and maintenance of tram lines is economic sense only where there are large passenger flows and focused.

· transit tram is accompanied by noise, which can be minimized by careful maintenance of the infrastructure and technologies calming subgrade (elastic inserts between the Junction and the substrate).

· grooved rails embedded in the roadway are a danger to users of bicycles and mopeds. This problem is eliminated by a rubber pressure pads being treated tram wheel flanges, however, withstand the pressure wheel bike.

At the end points of interest:

· Since 2001, the tram mark provides some of the warehouses located on the outskirts of Dresden to the Volkswagen factory located in the city center. A similar tram is planned in Vienna.

· From 2007, trams and trucks rozwożą merchandise at the shops located along the streets of Amsterdam. This allowed for the elimination of approximately 60% of the vehicles that block traffic in downtown.

· The tram line between Düsseldorf and Krefeld Tram cars run bar. Similar cars on the lines dual tram near Karlsruhe introduced AVG.

· In Stuttgart, a tram line (number 10) runs on a track cog.

· in Blackpool on the oldest continually existing tram network in the UK meets the bunk cars (except those operated only in Hong Kong and Alexandria) and coaches-cabriolets, called boat-car.

· in Douglas (Isle of Man) is the largeness of the last regular horse tram line.

· in several European cities (such as in Stuttgart, Liberec and Sofia), the tramway is also cost-and narrow-gauge normalno that can operate through the interplay of track sections ; in Krakow on a system of two abandoned clearances in 1953.

· lines to gauge more than normal, apart from the countries of former USSR, including functioning Italy (Milan, Rome, Turin - 1445 mm) and Canada (trams and subway TTC - Toronto Transit Commission - 58 7 / 8 ", ie 1495 mm), in Germany, Leipzig - 1458 mm , Dresden 1450 mm.

· In San Francisco, after an initial phase of the liquidation of the tram network it was rebuilt, including trams powered rope. As the electric tram cars for fleet use withdrawn from other U.S. cities and even purchased in Moscow. Streetcar ride in the original colors of his old lines. It is is a big tourist attraction and encourage their use.

· most popular Polish tram Konstal 105Na is in the construction of the power and propulsion system almost an exact copy of the U.S. PCC from the interwar period. When launched in 1973 its production was mounted at the same time cheaper than buses Jelcz PR-110.

· According to the existing more than 100 years UITP organization, uniting the majority of communication links and business city in the world of public transport, a tram is the only city capable of transport to provide high capacity while maintaining high quality and low costs of construction and operation of the network.

· In Krakow is Poland's first tram tunnel - Tunnel Krakow Fast Tram, a length of 1.5 kilometers . Valid in the two-state railway signaling SBL

It was worth it to get rid of Gliwice tram?

My impression is that we took a step backwards ...

(development using www.wikipedia.pl )